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City Beautiful movement
The City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. The movement, which was originally associated mainly with Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, and Washington, D.C., promoted beauty not only for its own sake, but also to create moral and civic virtue among urban populations.〔Daniel M. Bluestone, Columbia University, (September 1988).(Detroit's City Beautiful and the Problem of Commerce ) ''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'', Vol. XLVII, No. 3, pp. 245-62.〕 Advocates of the philosophy believed that such beautification could promote a harmonious social order that would increase the quality of life, while critics would complain that the movement was overly concerned with aesthetics at the expense of social reform; Jane Jacobs referred to the movement as an "architectural design cult."〔Jacobs, Jane. ''The Death and Life of Great American Cities'' (New York: Random House, 1961), p.375; quoted in Rybczynski, Witold. ''City Life: Urban Expectations in a New World'' New York: Scribner, 1995. p.27. ISBN 0-684-81302-5.〕
==History==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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